Alternative fuels and advanced vehicle technologies for improved environmental performance : towards zero carbon transportation / edited by Richard Folkson.

Chapter 1: Introduction Abstract: --
1.1 Introduction –
1.2 Technology roadmaps to deliver low carbon targets –
1.3 Vehicle technology contributions to low carbon targets –
1.4 Powertrain technology contributions to low carbon targets –
1.5 Regulatory requirements and consumer trends –
1.6 Traffic management factors –
1.7 Global manufacturing and consumer trends –
1.8 Commercial vehicles and buses –
1.9 Electrification of transport technology –
1.10 Current and future trends –
1.11 Affordability and consumer appeal –
1.12 Long-term vision: solar energy/hydrogen economy –
1.13 Conclusion –
1.14 Sources of further information and advice –
1.15 Acknowledgements –
Part I: Alternative fuels, advanced additives and oils to improve environmental performance of vehicles—
Chapter 2: The role of alternative and renewable liquid fuels in environmentally sustainable transport Abstract: --
2.1 Introduction: competing fuels and energy carriers –
2.2 Market penetration of biodiesel—
2.3 Market penetration of alcohol fuels –
2.4 Future provision of alternative liquid fuels: the biomass limit –
2.5 Beyond the biomass limit: sustainable organic fuels for transport (SOFT) –
2.6 Renewable fuels within an integrated renewable energy system –
2.7 Conclusions –
2.8 Acknowledgements –
2.10 Appendix: abbreviations –
Chapter 3: Using alternative and renewable liquid fuels to improve the environmental performance of internal combustion engines: key challenges and blending technologies Abstract:--
3.1 Introduction –
3.2 The use of biodiesel in internal combustion engines: fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) and hydrogenated vegetable oil (HVO) –
3.3 Alcohol fuels: physico-chemical properties –
3.4 Alcohol fuels for spark-ignition engines: effects on performance and efficiency –
3.5 Alcohol fuels for spark-ignition engines: pollutant emissions, deposits and lubricant dilution 3.6 Alcohol fuels for compression-ignition engines –
3.7 Vehicle and blending technologies for alternative liquid fuels: flexible-fuel vehicles 3.8 Vehicle and blending technologies for alternative liquid fuels: ethanol-gasoline and methanol-gasoline bi-fuel vehicles –
3.9 Vehicle and blending technologies for alternative liquid fuels: tri-flex-fuel vehicles and iso-stoichiometric ternary blends –
3.10 Conclusions –
3.11 Acknowledgements—
3.13 Appendix: abbreviations –
Chapter 4: Alternative and renewable gaseous fuels to improve vehicle environmental performance Abstract: --
4.1 Introduction –
4.2 Fossil natural gas—
4.3 Fossil natural gas production, transmission and distribution –
4.4 Natural gas engines and vehicles –
4.5 Biomethane/biogas –
4.6 Biogas production, distribution and storage –
4.7 Liquid petroleum gas (LPG) –
4.8 LPG production, distribution, storage and use in vehicles –
4.9 Hydrogen –
4.10 Hydrogen production, distribution, storage and use in vehicles –
4.11 Life-cycle analysis of alternative gaseous fuels—
4.12 Future trends –
Chapter 5: Electricity and hydrogen as energy vectors for transportation vehicles Abstract: --
5.1 Introduction –
5.2 Overview of hydrogen production –
5.3 Overview of electricity production –
5.4 Hydrogen storage and transportation –
5.5 Conclusions –
Chapter 6: Advanced engine oils to improve the performance of modern internal combustion engines Abstract:--
6.1 Introduction –
6.2 The role of the lubricant in a modern internal combustion engine –
6.3 The composition of a typical modern engine lubricant –
6.4 Diesel engine lubricant challenges –
6.5 Gasoline engine lubrication challenges –
6.6 Industry and original equipment manufacturer (OEM) specifications for engine oils –
6.7 Lubricating modern engines in developing markets 6.8 Future engine oil evolution –
6.9 Conclusions –
6.10 Acknowledgements –
6.11 Sources of further information and advice –
Chapter 7: Advanced fuel additives for modern internal combustion engines Abstract:--
7.1 Introduction—
7.2 Additive types and their impact on conventional and advanced fuels –
7.3 Impacts of additives on combustion characteristics—
7.4 Diesel performance and deposit control additives –
7.5 Gasoline performance and deposit control additives –
7.6 Conclusions and future trends –
7.7 Sources of further information and advice—
Part II: Improving engine and vehicle design –
Chapter 8: Internal combustion engine cycles and concepts Abstract: --
8.1 Introduction 8.2 Ideal engine operation cycles –
8.3 Alternative engine operating cycles –
8.4 Comparison of engine cycle performance –
8.5 Advantages and limitations of internal combustion engines –
8.6 Conclusions and future trends –
8.7 Sources of further information and advice –
Chapter 9: Improving the environmental performance of heavy-duty vehicles and engines: key issues and system design approaches Abstract:--
9.1 Introduction: classifying engine and vehicle types –
9.2 The use of alternative fuels to improve environmental performance –
9.3 Electric, hydraulic, and flywheel hybrid powertrains for improved fuel economy –
9.4 Vehicle emissions and fuel economy regulations—
9.5 Improving vehicle design to meet environmental regulations –
9.6 Improving engine design to meet environmental regulations –
9.7 Developments in light-duty diesel engine technologies –
9.8 A system design approach to address challenges in advanced engine and vehicle technologies –
9.9 Summary of next-generation technologies for heavy-duty vehicles—
9.11 Appendix: units and unit conversion –
Chapter 10: Improving the environmental performance of heavyduty vehicles and engines: particular technologies Abstract: --
10.1 Introduction –
10.2 Fuel injection systems and engine performance –
10.3 Conventional combustion technologies and engine performance –
10.4 Advanced low-temperature combustion systems –
10.5 Engine air flow and turbocharging systems –
10.6 Engine downsizing, down-speeding, and down-breathing –
10.7 Mechanical and electrical supercharging systems for improved emissions control and performance –
10.8 Turbocompounding to improve engine performance –
10.9 Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) systems –
10.10 Improving conventional valvetrains and the use of variable valve actuation (VVA) –
10.11 Heavy-duty diesel engine cooling and thermal management systems –
10.12 Aftertreatment technologies for emissions control –
10.13 Waste heat recovery (WHR) systems –
10.14 Engine mechanical friction reduction technologies—
10.15 Electronic controls and on-board diagnostic (OBD) systems to optimize engine performance –
10.16 Development of natural gas engines 10.17 Future trends 10.19 Appendix: units and unit conversion –
Chapter 11: Advanced and conventional internal combustion engine materials Abstract: --
11.1 Introduction—
11.2 Advanced internal combustion (IC) engine materials: compact graphite iron (CGI) –
11.3 Graphite/carbon and carbon/carbon fibre-reinforced polymer composites (CFRPs) –
11.4 Advanced polymers: polyamides for manufacturing intake manifolds –
11.5 Advanced alloys and ceramics for manufacturing valves and other components –
11.6 Materials for particular components in IC engines ---
Chapter 12: Advanced transmission technologies to improve vehicle performance Abstract: --
12.1 Introduction –
12.2 Manual transmission: six-speed front-wheel-drive SG6-310—
12.3 Dual-clutch transmission: seven-speed front-wheel-drive 7G-DCT –
12.4 Automatic transmission: seven-speed 7G-Tronic Plus—
12.5 Continuously variable transmission: front-wheel-drive CVT AUTOTRONIC –
12.6 P2 hybrid transmission –
12.7 Two-mode hybrid transmission advanced hybrid system-cars (AHS-C) –
12.8 Automated commercial vehicle transmission: 16-speed G260-16 –
Chapter 13: Sustainable design and manufacture of lightweight vehicle structures Abstract: --
13.1 Introduction –
13.2 The value of mass reduction –
13.3 General challenges and opportunities –
13.4 Possible architectures of the next-generation vehicle –
13.5 Specific lightweighting technologies –
13.6 Future trends –
13.7 Acknowledgements –
Chapter 14: Improving vehicle rolling resistance and aerodynamics Abstract: --
14.1 Introduction –
14.2 Overview of vehicle aerodynamics –
14.3 Rolling resistance in vehicles –
14.4 Advanced vehicle design for drag reduction—
14.5 Advanced tire design and materials –
14.6 Conclusions and future trends –
Chapter 15: Mechanical and electrical flywheel hybrid technology to store energy in vehicles Abstract: --
15.1 Introduction –
15.2 The development of flywheel technology –
15.3 Types and properties of flywheels –
15.4 Transmissions for flywheels –
15.5 Performance evaluation of flywheel hybrid vehicles –
15.6 Technical challenges in flywheel development –
15.7 Conclusions and future trends –
Chapter 16: Hydraulic and pneumatic hybrid powertrains for improved fuel economy in vehicles Abstract: --
16.1 Introduction –
16.2 Hydraulic hybrid principle of operation and system architectures 16.3 Hydraulic component design and modeling –
16.4 Integrated hydraulic hybrid vehicle simulation –
16.5 Design and control of hydraulic hybrid powertrains –
16.6 Examples of practical applications –
16.7 Pneumatic hybrids –
Chapter 17: Integration and performance of regenerative braking and energy recovery technologies in vehicles Abstract: --
17.1 Introduction –
17.2 Types and properties of regenerative braking and energy recovery—
17.3 Hybridisation with energy recovery: design and performance issues –
17.4 Design integration and operational optimisation 17.5 Advantages and limitations of regenerative braking—
17.6 Conclusions and future trends –
Part III: Electric/hybrid vehicle technologies –
Chapter 18: Hybrid drive train technologies for vehicles Abstract: --
18.1 Introduction –
18.2 Hybrid vehicle configurations and classification –
18.3 The challenges of hybrid vehicle design—
18.4 Solutions to the design problem 18.5 Conclusion—
Chapter 19: Battery technology for CO2 reduction Abstract: 19.1 Introduction 19.2 CO2 reduction opportunities of using batteries –
19.3 Battery functionality and chemistries for vehicle applications –
19.4 Lithium ion cells –
19.5 High voltage battery pack design –
19.6 Battery management systems—
19.7 Future trends –
19.8 Conclusions Chapter 20: Conventional fuel/hybrid electric vehicles Abstract: --
20.1 Introduction 20.2 Basic components of a hybrid electric vehicle system—
20.3 Architectures of hybrid electric drive trains 20.4 Series hybrid electric drive trains (electrical coupling) –
20.5 Parallel hybrid electric drive trains (mechanical coupling) –
20.6 Series-parallel hybrid electric drive trains (electric and mechanical coupling) and plug-in hybrids—
20.7 Control and performance 20.8 Future trends—
Chapter 21: Pure electric vehicles Abstract: --
21.1 Introduction—
21.2 System configurations –
21.3 Electric propulsion –
21.4 Energy storage and management –
21.5 Charging infrastructure –
21.6 Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology –
21.7 Benefits and limitations of EVs –
21.8 Conclusions and future trends 21.9 Acknowledgements –
Chapter 22: Fuel-cell (hydrogen) electric hybrid vehicles Abstract: 22.1 Introduction –
22.2 Energy storage devices (ESDs) for the transport sector 22.3 Batteries 22.4 Hydrogen and fuel cells—
22.5 Electrochemical capacitors (ECs) 22.6 Current status of low-carbon vehicle technologies—
22.7 Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) 22.8 Fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) –
22.9 Technical prospects and barriers—
22.10 Improving the safety of hydrogen-powered vehicles—
22.11 Conclusions –
22.12 Acknowledgements –
22.14 Appendix: abbreviations Index