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100			_aRichardson, Michael _949779
245			_aHow Much Spatial Information Is Lost in the Sensory Substitution Process? Comparing Visual, Tactile, and Auditory Approaches/
260			_bsage _c2019
300			_aVol: 48, issue: 11, 2019: (1079-1103 p.).
520			_aSensory substitution devices (SSDs) can convey visuospatial information through spatialised auditory or tactile stimulation using wearable technology. However, the level of information loss associated with this transformation is unknown. In this study, novice users discriminated the location of two objects at 1.2 m using devices that transformed a 16 × 8-depth map into spatially distributed patterns of light, sound, or touch on the abdomen. Results showed that through active sensing, participants could discriminate the vertical position of objects to a visual angle of 1°, 14°, and 21°, and their distance to 2 cm, 8 cm, and 29 cm using these visual, auditory, and haptic SSDs, respectively. Visual SSDs significantly outperformed auditory and tactile SSDs on vertical localisation, whereas for depth perception, all devices significantly differed from one another (visual > auditory > haptic). Our findings highlight the high level of acuity possible for SSDs even with low spatial resolutions (e.g., 16 × 8) and quantify the level of information loss attributable to this transformation for the SSD user. Finally, we discuss ways of closing this “modality gap” found in SSDs and conclude that this process is best benchmarked against performance with SSDs that return to their primary modality (e.g., visuospatial into visual).
650			_asensory substitution, _949780
650			_aspatial perception, _949781
650			_ahearing, _949782
650			_a touch, _948945
650			_avision _949315
700			_aThar, Jan _949783
700			_aAlvarez, James _949784
773	0		_012374 _916462 _dSage, _tPerception _x1468-4233
856			_uhttps://doi.org/10.1177/0301006619873194
942			_2ddc _cART
999			_c12513 _d12513