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008			201223b ||||| |||| 00| 0 eng d
100			_aCilli, Adam Lee _935537
245			_aPursuit of Happiness: Racial Utilitarianism and Black Reform Efforts in John T. Clark’s Urban League
260			_bSage, _c2019.
300			_aVol 45, Issue 1, 2019 ( 6-22 p.)
520			_aThis article centers on John T. Clark’s tenure as executive secretary of the Urban League of Pittsburgh (ULP) to introduce a new characterization of black reform efforts that I call racial utilitarianism. Operating at the nadir of American race relations, Urban Leaguers like Clark developed pragmatic reform strategies to mitigate the most serious physical manifestations of northern-style Jim Crow, including underemployment, inadequate housing, and disease. In pursuing their vision of the greater good, they dealt with what they saw as internal and external sources of inequality. Under Clark’s leadership, ULP staff strove to “adjust” black migrant behavior while lobbying white employers to open skilled positions to black workers and pressuring local unions to eliminate racially restrictive clauses. By sponsoring programs to inculcate migrants with the values of thrift, sobriety, hard work, and company loyalty, Clark obtained funding for the ULP, with which it developed crucial health programs in Pittsburgh’s black community.
650			_aracial utilitarianism, _934130
650			_ablack reformers, _933413
650			_a John T. Clark, _935538
650			_a black social workers, _933413
650			_a black migrants _933413
773	0		_011044 _915476 _dSage, 2019. _tJournal of urban history
856			_uhttps://doi.org/10.1177/0096144217702645
942			_2ddc _cART