TY  - BOOK
AU  - White, Roger
TI  - Modeling cities and regions as complex systems: : from theory to planning applications 
SN  - 9780262029568
U1  - 307.1216 
PY  - 2015///
CY  - Cambridge
PB  - The MIT Press
KW  - Engelen ,Guy
KW  - Uljee ,Inge
KW  - PL
KW  -  City planning
KW  - Regional planning
N2  - Cities and regions are highly complex but ordered systems. They are thus best understood by modelling within the framework of the theory of complex, self-organizing systems. This theory suggests that fractal structure is a signature of self-organized systems, and that systems that are far from thermodynamic equilibrium have open futures. These two phenomena have important consequences for the calibration and validation of realistic models, with the open futures phenomenon raising fundamental methodological issues that are addressed in the book
ER  -